Institutions of San Marino

The Republic of San Marino represents a unique case in the world: founded in 301 AD, it holds the record as the world’s longest-surviving republic. Unlike most modern states, San Marino is not based on a written Constitution but rather grounds its legal system on the historical Statutes of the Republic and Ancient Customs, documents dating back to the 17th century that still guide the country’s institutional life today.

The Captains Regent: A Unique Dual Leadership

At the helm of the State lies a distinctive feature that sets San Marino apart from every other nation: the presence of two Heads of State, the Captains Regent. This diarchy, comparable in importance to the role of President in other republics, exercises its functions collectively, ensuring a unique balance of powers.

The Captains Regent are chosen from among the members of the Great and General Council and remain in office for six months, with the possibility of renewal up to six times. The election dates, set for April 1st and October 1st, are considered national holidays and represent moments of great significance for Sammarinese democratic life.

The Arengo Petition: A Bridge Between Citizens and Institutions

One of the most significant traditions of Sammarinese democracy is the Arengo Petition, held at 12:00 noon on the first Sunday following the appointment of new Captains Regent. During this ceremony, every citizen has the opportunity to directly present matters of public interest to the heads of state, creating a direct dialogue between the population and institutions.

The Governing Bodies: A Consolidated Democratic Structure

Legislative power is entrusted to the Great and General Council, the unicameral parliament composed of 60 councilors elected for a five-year term. This body represents the heart of the Republic’s legislative activity.

Executive power rests with the Congress of State, equivalent to the Government in other nations. The Secretaries of State, corresponding to ministers in other countries, make up this body whose number is not predetermined by law but is established by the Great and General Council.

The Judicial System: A Tripartite Structure

The administration of justice is organized through three main bodies:

1. The Single Court, divided into two sections: one dedicated to ordinary jurisdiction and the other to administrative jurisdiction
2. The Judicial Council, which performs guarantee and representation functions
3. The Council Commission for Justice Affairs, a coordination body that answers exclusively to the Great and General Council

This institutional structure, combining centuries-old tradition with modern administrative efficiency, has allowed San Marino to maintain its independence and identity through the centuries, representing a unique model of state organization in the international landscape.

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